Analysis of Curriculum Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of Curriculum Perspectives - Essay Example He did research on implementation of the curriculum and found that schools spend about sixty seven percent of their time focusing on hidden aspects of the curriculum yet they were not aware of this. Eisner (1979) asserts that those subjects that receive more attention are determined by the hidden curriculum. The latter is also responsible for the teaching styles adopted in classrooms and methods of delivering subject content. In relation to this argument, many philosophers and educationists came up with theories explaining the nature of the hidden curriculum. The proponents, critics and content of these perspectives will be examined in detail in the subsequent portions of the essay. These will incorporate five main perspectives. Psychology is one of the most important disciplines in education because rot was responsible for the creation of the experiential theory of the curriculum. It should be noted that before experiential approaches most theories of education revolved around reductionist views. However, with the passage of time, more and more psychologists realized that there was more to learning that reduction. This formed the background fro the experiential theory. The main proponents of the theory were Freire and Kolb. The proponents believed that learning occurred in a cycle. It first starts with experience, this is then followed by reflection where there is perception and processing, thereafter action takes place. For example, teachers may be faced with the task of awarding grades for a particular exam. The fact that they are undergoing that challenge denotes the fact that they are experiencing it; i.e. the first phase of experiential learning. Thereafter, teachers have to think about other circumstances where they have had to do the same. This will constitute the reflective part of the learning process. Thereafter, they are expected to consider all the angles to the issue. They may decide to consult with other teachers on the issue and this will cause further reflection. This reflective aspect is made of two major concepts. These are abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. In the latter part, one has to apply logic in the formation of ideas; feelings are not considered here. While in the active experimentation stage, learning occurs through experimentation with changing scenarios. Kolb therefore came up with four stages that help to identify learning styles depending on the earlier elements of the learning process. The stages are; activists, pragmatists, theorizers and reflectors. Those who focus on one stage more than another will fall into that respective learning style. Knox (1986) asserts that these stages can be applied in the classroom when students are trying to learn something. This is because they can relate to subject content on a cognitive level and can therefore internalize the learning process. Besides that, experiential theory can also be applied by teachers. Teachers can present information in bits or in phase so that they can allow learners to 'experience' it. Brookfield (1990) asserts that teachers should realize that curriculum ideas are tested through the experiences acquired from their lives.

Which Paper Towel Works Best -- science

Which Paper Towel Works Best When you come to the paper towel aisle in the grocery store do you ever get frustrated and annoyed by all the brands to choose from? Every brand is telling you that they are the strongest and that their brand will absorb the fastest. Have you ever actually taken the time to figure out which brand is indomitable and absorbs the quickest? Well today I will fill you in on this mysterious secret and tell you not only which brand is not lying to you but also which brand you are getting your money’s worth and if paying that extra dollar is worth the name brand I think that the most expensive paper towel will be the strongest based on an ice cube suspended over a paper towel over a bowl held by a rubber band. The materials that I used in this experiment were six different bands of paper towels; Scott, Giant Eagles â€Å"Clean and Tuff†, So- Dri, Brawny, Viva, and Bounty. I also used twelve 88.7 milliliter dixie cups, 50 milliliters of red colored water and a freezer holding the temperature of a negative twenty degrees Celsius. In addition I used a plastic bowl with the dimension of 18 by18 millimeters. And finally I had a piece of elastic string. The procedure for my experiment was not too difficult it just took quite a bit of time. I started with a paper towel, an 18 by 18-millimeter bowl and a rubber band. I also had twelve 88.7-milliliter dixie cups filled with 50 milliliters of frozen, red colored water. The first step in this experiment was ...

Human Rights and Food Security

A PAPER ON: ‘Human rights and food security’ _______________________________________ PRESENTED BY: SHASHANKA KUMAR NAG LL. M- THIRD SEMESTER HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH Address: Shashanka Kumar Nag LL. M (Third Semester) Boys Hostel, B- Block, Room No. F-32 Hidayatullah National law University Uparwara Post, Abhanpur New Raipur – 493661 (C. G. ) Mobile: 09804513485, 08817104782 E-mail- [email  protected] com DECLARATION I declare that the work submitted by me for this seminar is a result of my own effort.I affirm that there is no plagiarism and copying, either partially or entirely, from someone else's works, without giving proper credit and acknowledgement to the source(s)/author(s). INTRODUCTION â€Å"There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the form of bread. † Mahatma Gandhi Human rights are commonly understood as â€Å"inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherent ly entitled simply because she or he is a human being. Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world.Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of The Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The ancient world did not possess the concept of universal human rights. Ancient societies had â€Å"elaborate systems of duties†¦ conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights†.The modern concept of human rights developed during the early Modern period, alongside the European secularization of Judeo-Christian ethics. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, partly in response to the atrocities of World War II. Although the UDHR was a non-binding resolution, it is now considered by some to have acquired the force of international customary law which may be invoked in appropriate circumstances by nati onal and other judiciaries. The UDHR urges member nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights as part of the â€Å"foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behaviour of states and press upon them duties to their citizens following the model of the rights-duty duality. The right to food, and its variations, is a human right protecting the right for people to feed themselves in dignity, implying that sufficient food is available, that people have the means to access it, and that it adequately meets the individual's dietary needs. The right to food protects the right of all human beings to be free from hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition.The right to food does not imply that governments have an obligation to hand out free food to everyone who wants it, or a right to be fed. However, if people are deprived of access to food for reasons beyond thei r control, for example, because they are in detention, in times of war or after natural disasters, the right requires the government to provide food directly. Right to Food and right to be free from hunger are the human rights which are protected under various international human rights and humanitarian laws.Right to food is explicitly mentioned in the Article 25(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948; and the Article 11 of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966. It is also recognised in the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Right to food of indigeneous people is implicit in the ILO Convention No-169 which is approved by 17 countries. Approximately 20 countries in the world have incorporated the Right to Food for their people. THE CONCEPT OF FOOD SECURITYWorld Development Report (1986) defined food security as â€Å"access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. According to Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the UNO, â€Å"Food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient and nutritious food to meet the dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life. † Staatz (1990) defined food security as â€Å"The ability to assure, on a long term basis, that the food system provides the total population access to a timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food. Thus food security may be of short-term or sustainable. In case of short-term food security we consider food security of the present population only. But in case of sustainable food security we consider the food security not only of the present generation but also of the future generation as well. According to Swaminathan, â€Å"Sustainable food security means enough food for everyone at present plus the ability to provide enough food in future as well. † In the long-run sustainable food security is very important. ELEMENTS OF FOOD SECURITY Food security is a state of being.Like literacy or good health, food security is a state that everyone wants to enjoy. Governments have decreed that every person has an inalienable right to food. The fundamental purpose of economic activity is to ensure adequate access to food for oneself and one’s family. The primacy of food security as an objective for human activity is reflected in the frequency with which the term â€Å"food security† appears in UN declarations and NGO advocacy efforts. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture acknowledges the legitimacy of food security concerns.South Africa, Brazil and Norway have all enshrined the right to food in law. There are basically three principle elements of Food Security. These are: Supply: Global food production has by and large kept up with or exceeded demand over the past century. The application of new technologies to agriculture, including mechanized vehicles to till, plant and harvest crops; improved seed and breeding stock; and the use of herbicides, pesticides and inorganic fertilizers, has vastly increased productivity.At the same time , one third or more of agricultural land used to be dedicated to growing fuel (wood to burn) or feed for the animals that provide muscle for transportation and production (hay for horses and oxen). Much of that land is now available to grow food for humans instead, adding to the total overall supply. Distribution: Distribution depends on such things as markets, transportation, infrastructure, relative purchasing power and the source and nature of the supply.Where the food is traded commercially , the volume and type of food traded is related to purchasing power and the ease with which the trader can reach a market. Access: Food security is about individuals , families and communities, not about regional and national aggregates. That is why, supply is only one piece of the food security puzzle. Only rarely does a whole country face hunger or famine. Rather, when the food supply is insufficient, those with greater purchasing power get food while those without sufficient income or entitlement go hungry.CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR ENSURING FOOD SECURITY In India there is a deeply rooted tradition of respect for food – it stresses the importance of growing and sharing food. Sharing or offering food is a universal tradition shared by all religious entities that have roots in the Indian soil. Accordingly, in 1950, India adopted a very progressive Constitution aimed at ensuring all its citizens social, economic and political justice, equality, and dignity. Therefore any law to be valid in Indian Territory must be within the constitutional framework.Like in many countries of the World the â€Å"The Right to Food† in Indian Constitution is not recognized as a â€Å"Fundamental Right†. Therefore, there is no constitutional m andate to have a claim over it. Regarding right to food, one has to look for relevance in Article 21 of the Constitution, entitled â€Å"Protection of life and personal liberty† and Article 47 â€Å"Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living [†¦]† as well as in judicial interventions of the Supreme Court and various Acts, which have cumulatively strengthened the right to food in India.Knowing the constitutional and legislative framework in India regarding the right to food is crucial for identifying right to food violations and supporting victims in realizing their right to food. Indian Constitution Part III, Article 21 â€Å"Protection of life and personal liberty – No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except to procedure established by law. † The phrases â€Å"Protection of life† and â€Å"personal liberty† have called several times for interpretation. A series of judicial inter ventions and interpretations have deepened the normative content of this fundamental right.Indian Constitution Part IV: Directive Principles The right to food or in general the economic, social, and cultural rights are defined in Part IV of the Constitution as Directive Principles of State Policy, which are guidelines to the central and State Governments for framing laws and policies. The provisions are not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down therein are considered as fundamental in the Governance of the country. There are several Articles under the Directive Principles offer remote relevance for the right to food, but the clearest statement regarding the right to food is provided by Article 47.Article 47:   Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs, which are injurious to health.Putting together Article 21 and 47 and various interpretations of the Supreme Court of one can safely say that the Government of India has a constitutional obligation to take appropriate measures to ensure a dignified life with adequate food for all citizens. The right to food can be regarded as a fundamental right by virtue of interpretation. NATIONAL MEASURES TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITY There has been a continous appeal to the Government for passing a legislation on food security.The government is likely to accept most of the recommendations of Sonia Gandhi-led National Advisory Council (NAC) on the proposed food security law despite warnings that the suggestions would add to subsidy burden, increase dependence on imports and distort the country's food economy. The food ministry has s et out plans that are in line with the NAC's proposal to widen the scope of the legislation, which seeks to provide legal guarantee of subsidised grains to the poor.Several experts have warned that the NAC recommendations would force the government to substantially raise its grain procurement, which in turn would lead to a larger subsidy burden on its already stretched finances. The council had proposed legal subsidised food entitlements for at least 72% of the country's population in Phase-I by 2011-12. The NAC had also proposed legal subsidised food entitlements for 75% of the country's population, covering the ‘priority' (below the poverty line) and ‘general' (above the poverty line) households, in Phase-II by 2013-14. National Food Security Bill, 2011The government has introduced the much anticipated National Food Security Bill — a legislation aimed at shoring up the UPA's support base — in Parliament. The â€Å"landmark social legislation† will guarantee grain at extremely cheap rates to more than half of the population. Food minister KV Thomas, who introduced the bill in the Lok Sabha amid thumping of desks by Congress members led by party president Sonia Gandhi, said that it would ensure that all Indians â€Å"live a life with dignity†. The bill marks a shift in approach to the problem of food security — from the current welfare paradigm to a rights-based approach.The proposed legislation confers eligible beneficiaries the legal right to receive grain at highly subsidised prices. The National Food Security Bill, 2011, considered to be the world's largest experiment in ensuring food security to poor, has been a key project of Congress president Sonia Gandhi. The bill brings under its purview 63. 5% of the country's population —75% of rural households and 50% of urban households. The bill classifies all entitled households as â€Å"general† and â€Å"priority†. At least 46% of rural house holds and 28% of urban households would be designated as â€Å"priority†.Every person belonging to a â€Å"priority household† will be provided with 7kg of grain per month, comprising rice, wheat and coarse grain. Rice will be provided at Rs 3, wheat at Rs 2 and coarse grain at Rs 1 per kg. Others belonging to the â€Å"general category† would be entitled to not less than 3kg of grain per month at a rate not exceeding 50% of the minimum support price. Once passed, the food subsidy bill is expected to rise to Rs 95,000 crore. Initial estimates pegged the increase in subsidy at nearly Rs 28,000 crore.However, on Thursday, the government made a downward revision of the additional burden on the central government — between R 21,000 crore to R 23,000 crore. The bill's financial memorandum estimates the total annual expenditure on food subsidy under the targeted public distribution system at about Rs 79,800 crore. â€Å"The estimate of food subsidy is however dependent, among other things, upon economic cost, central issue of price of grain, number of beneficiaries covered and quantities of grain allocated and lifted, and therefore subject to change with changes in any or all of the variables affecting food subsidy,† the memorandum states.Experts maintain that the annual increase would be to the tune of Rs 27,500 crore. However, Thomas said â€Å"an additional amount of not more than about Rs 20,000-21,000 crore annually would be required by way of subsidy. † The minister argued since the food bill merges many ongoing programmes meant for women, children and the poor, there would be no additional financial burden. The total financial liability to implement the law is expected to be Rs 3. 5 lakh crore, with funds being required to raise agriculture production, create storage space and publicity.A sum of roughly Rs 1,11,000 crore would be required to boost farm output with grain requirement increasing, on account of this inter vention, from 55 million tonne to 61 million tonne annually. Thomas stressed that â€Å"this Rs 1,10,600 crore is not an additional burden. We need to invest in agriculture to boost production anyway†. The proposed law entitles every pregnant woman and lactating mother to meal free of cost during pregnancy and six months after childbirth. Cash benefits of Rs 1,000 per month to meet increased food requirements of pregnant women would be provided for the first six months of pregnancy.At Rs 1,000 per month and covering 2. 25 crore women, an expenditure of nearly Rs 13,500 crore has been estimated. This will be borne by the central government and the states. Schemes to Ensure Food Security: There are also certain central food schemes and other assistance programmes for the poor in India. These are: * Targeted Public Distribution System; * Antyodaya Anna Yojana; * Mid-day meal scheme; * Annapoorna Yojana; * Integrated Child Development Services; * National family benefit scheme; * National maternity benefit scheme; and National old age pension scheme. The Public Distribution System (PDS) Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system. Established by the Government of India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution and managed jointly with state governments in India, it distributes subsidised food and non-food items to India's poor. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene, through a network of Public distribution shops (PDS) established in several states across the country.Food Corporation of India, a Government-owned corporation, procures, maintain and issue food grains to the state. Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country are managed by state governments. As of date there are about 4. 99 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS) across India. Annapoorna Yojana This scheme was started by the government in 1999-2000 to provide food to senior citi zens who cannot take care of themselves and are not under the targeted public distribution system (TPDS), and who have no one to take care of them in their village.This scheme would provide 10  kg of free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens. The allocation for this scheme as off 2000-01 was Rs 100 crore. Antyodaya Anna Yojana Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) is an Indian government sponsored scheme for ten millions of the poorest families. It was launched by NDA government in December 2000. It is on the lookout for the ‘poorest of the poor' by providing them 35 kilos of rice and wheat at Rs. 2 per kg. Mid-Day Meals Scheme The Midday Meal Scheme is the popular name for school meal programme in India which started in the 1960s.It involves provision of lunch free of working days. The key objectives of the programme are: protecting children from classroom hunger, increasing school enrollment and attendance, improved socialization among children belonging to all caste s, addressing malnutrition, and social empowerment through provision of employment to women. The scheme has a long history, especially in the state of Tamil Nadu. The scheme was introduced statewide by the then Chief Minister K. Kamaraj in the 1960s and later expanded by the M. G. Ramachandran government in 1982.It has been adopted by most Indian states after a landmark direction by the Supreme Court of India on November 28, 2001. The success of this scheme is illustrated by the tremendous increase in the school participation and completion rates in Tamil Nadu. Status of the Food Schemes in India The framework of the right to food is one of the basic economic and social rights that are essential to achieve the â€Å"economic democracy† without which political democracy is , at best, incomplete. The right to food is nowhere being realized in India.The schemes introduced by the Government are well designed, yet their implementation has been poor. In India, food security exists at the macro level in terms of physical access to food. Economic access is far from satisfactory, both at the micro as well as the macro level. The statement that economic access to food is far from satisfactory is confirmed by the fact that a significant proportion of the society lives in poverty and is malnourished. This section of the society is underprivileged and has less voice. INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITYThe right to food imposes on all States obligations not only towards the persons living on their national territory, but also towards the populations of other States. These two sets of obligations complement one another. The right to food can only be fully realized where both ‘national’ and ‘international’ obligations are complied with. CONSTITUTION OF FAO, 1965 Preamble The Nations accepting this Constitution, being determined to promote the common welfare by furthering separate and collective action on their part for the purpos e of: raising levels of nutrition and standards of living†¦ and thus†¦ nsuring humanity's freedom from hunger. WORLD FOOD SUMMIT PLAN OF ACTION, 1996 Commitment Seven We will implement, monitor and follow-up this Plan of Action at all levels in cooperation with the international community. Objective 7. 4 To clarify the content of the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, as stated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other relevant international and regional instruments, and to give particular attention to implementation and full and progressive realization of this right as a means of achieving food security for all.To this end, governments, in partnership with all actors of civil society, will, as appropriate: a. Make every effort to implement the provisions of Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the Covenant) and relevant provisions of other i nternational and regional instruments; b. Urge States that are not yet Parties to the Covenant to adhere to the Covenant at the earliest possible time; c. Invite the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to give particular attention to this Plan of Action in the framework of its activities and to continue to monitor the mplementation of the specific measures provided for in Article 11 of the Covenant; d. Invite relevant treaty bodies and appropriate specialized agencies of the UN to consider how they might contribute, within the framework of the coordinated follow-up by the UN system to the major international UN conferences and summits, including the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna 1993, within the scope of their mandates, to the further implementation of this right; e.Invite the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, in consultation with relevant treaty bodies, and in collaboration with relevant specialized agencies and programmes of the UN system and appropri ate intergovernmental mechanisms, to better define the rights related to food in Article 11 of the Covenant and to propose ways to implement and realize these rights as a means of achieving the commitments and objectives of the World Food Summit, taking into account the possibility of formulating voluntary guidelines for food security for all. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 1948Article 25 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food†¦ INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, 1966 Article 11 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food.  · The States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of international cooperation based on free consent. 2.The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international cooperation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed: a. To improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by making full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and by developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of natural resources; b.Taking into account the problems of both food-importing and food-exporting countries, to ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation to need. Article 2 1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the fu ll realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, 1989 Article 24 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to health care services. 2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate measures: c. o combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods. d. to ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are suppor ted in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition. Article 27 States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means†¦ shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition.Apart from these the Right to Food has also been recognized in many specific international instruments as varied as the 1948  Genocide Convention  (Article 2), the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees  (Articles 20 and 23),  the 1989  Convention on the Rights of the Child  (Articles 24(2)(c) and 27(3)), the 1979  Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women  (Articles 12(2)), or the 2007Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities  (Articles 25(f) and 28(1)). JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS 1.KISHEN PATTNAYAK VS. STATE OF ORISSA, In this petition, the petitioner wrote a letter to the Supreme Court bringing to the court’s notice the extreme pover ty of the people of Kalahandi in Orissa where hundreds were dying due to starvation and where several people were forced to sell their children. The letter prayed that the State Government should be directed to take immediate steps in order to ameliorate this miserable condition of the people of Kalahandi. This was the first case specifically taking up the issue of starvation and lack of food.In this judgement, the Supreme Court took a very pro-government approach and gave directions to take macro level measures to address the starvation problem such as implementing irrigation projects in the state so as to reduce the drought in the region, measures to ensure fair selling price of paddy and appointing of a Natural Calamities Committee. None of these measures actually directly affected the immediate needs of the petitioner, i. e. to prevent people from dying of hunger. More importantly, the Supreme Court did not recognise the specific Right to Food within this context of starvation. . PUCL VS. UNION OF INDIA, This is a landmark case relating to Right to Food and food security. This case, technically known as â€Å"PUCL vs Union of India and others (Writ Petition [Civil] No. 196 of 2001)†, is handled by an advisory group consisting of a few members from the People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), Human Rights Law Network (HRLN), former support group of the RIght to Food Campaign and other active individuals in the campaign. Supreme Court hearings have been held at regular intervals since April 2001, and the case has attracted wide national and international attention.Although the judgment is still awaited, significant â€Å"interim orders† have been passed from time to time. For instance, the Supreme Court has passed orders directing the Indian government to: (1) introduce cooked mid-day meals in all primary schools, (2) provide 35 kgs of grain per month at highly subsidized prices to 15 million destitute households under the Antyodaya component of the PDS, (3) double resource allocations for Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (India's largest rural employment programme at that time, now superseded by the Employment Guarantee Act), and (4) universalize the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). . CHAMELI SINGH VS. STATE OF U. P. , In this case, it was held that right to life guaranteed in any civilized society implies the right to food, water, decent environment, education, medical care and shelter. The method in which the constitutional social rights or the DPSP have been enforced or made justifiable by the Supreme Court has been through an expansion of the existing fundamental rights, particularly the Right to Life guaranteed in Article 21. CONCLUSION Starvation deaths and high prevalence of hunger clearly show that India needs to wake up.The judiciary cannot monitor the implementation of the schemes forever. The government needs to review policy from time to time and take corrective measures for effective implementa tion of different schemes and programmes, establish effective mechanisms of accountability and ensure the right to food for all. As the problem of food insecurity relates to both the demand and supply of food, a solution could be to empower people towards greater purchasing power, as well as addressing the inadequacy of the distribution system, and checking corruption and leakages.Awareness among the people with regard to their right to food can escalate the process of equitable distribution and thus help to realize the right to food for all citizens. The right to food is not just a basic human right, it is also a basic human need. It essentially requires the state to ensure that at least people do not starve. Implementation of the right to food does not imply that impossible efforts be undertaken by the states. The obligation to protect and respect the people compels the state to implement the right to food effectively, without recourse to extensive financial means. — Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2 ]. Food Crisis and Sustainable Food Security in India by Jaydeb Sarkhel [ 3 ]. Right to Food- Reforms and Approaches, 2007, The Icfai University Press, pp5-6 [ 4 ]. Dev, S. M, and R Evenson (2003) ‘Rural Development in India:Rural, Non-farm and mitigation’ SCID Working Paper No. 187. [ 5 ]. See available at http://socialissuesindia. wordpress. com/2010/08/05/human-rights-to-food-in-indian-constitution/ [ 6 ]. See available at http://articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2011-05-23/news/29574365_1_nac-recommendations-food-security-law-food-entitlements [ 7 ]. See available at http://articles. economictimes. ndiatimes. com/2011-12-23/news/30550903_1_food-subsidy-national-food-security-bill-grain [ 8 ]. Right to Food- Reforms and Approaches, 2007, The Icfai University Press, p. 230 [ 9 ]. As amended in 1965. [ 10 ]. Adopted by the World Food Summit, Rome, 13 to 17 November 1996. FAO. 1997. Report of the World Food Summit, Part One. Rome [ 11 ]. Adopted by the General Assembly on 10 December 1948. UN doc. A/811. [ 12 ]. General Assembly Resolution 2200 A (XXI), Annex, of 16 December 1966. [ 13 ]. General Assembly Resolution 44/25, Annex, of 20 November 1989. [ 14 ]. AIR 1989 SC 677. [ 15 ]. 2001. [ 16 ]. (1996) 2 SCC 549.

Anne Armageddon Reaction Paper - 1265 Words

Armageddon: A Reaction Paper Sparks, noise, vibrations and explosions! Shouting, running, screaming, fighting! Fire, tremors, crashes and collisions! In the movie Armageddon, who are the evil ones? They are thousands of rocks led by an asteroid the size of Texas that threatens to extinguish life on Earth? And who are the good ones? They are a motley makeshift group of old-drillers who will risk their lives in a daring rocket journey to save the world. A few NASA astronauts and one Russian cosmonaut are also thrown in to help steer the two shuttle spacecrafts. So these are the heroes of the movie. But, except for rig owner and drilling expert Harry Stamper (played excellently by Bruce Willis), the oil workers are moonlighting†¦show more content†¦Can one hydrogen bomb create a crack that stretches across the state of Texas? When it comes to man versus Nature in life-threatening battles, can man always win? When a tornado touches down, can we stop it? When a tsunami or giant wave, speeds across the ocean, can we diminish it? When a volcano is about to erupt, can we extinguish its hot t emper? When a hurricane heads towards a populated coastal region, can we divert it? When lightning strikes, can we reflect its flash? The answers to these questions are no. But we can take measures. In most instances, our only recourse is evacuation. In these battles of man versus Nature, Nature is supreme. Solar system scientists classify asteroids with letters such as S, C, M and E. The makers of Armageddon have discovered a truly remarkable object that will revolutionize planetary science. From a distance, it appears to be almost comet-like and engulfed in a blue-green cloud. While most asteroids have a topography not so different from the Moons, the Armageddon asteroid has a treacherous terrain of jagged knife-like rocks, steep crevices and pointed mountain peaks. Its surface is as intricate as a crystal chandelier. It is almost as though its stalagmites threaten to stab Earths heart. But, of course, in reality the danger to Earth is created by the asteroids tremendous kineti c energy, which gets translated into heat, pressure and pounding power upon impact. The Armageddon asteroid is also the first toShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials

The American Branch Of The United Negro Improvement...

After the end of slavery, blacks were free and had the right to vote, but they were oppressed by white supremacist and state laws that restricted their voting rights. Many great minds rose from the shadows and spoke against these injustice, but the one that stands out the most is Marcus Garvey. Garvey created a huge impact in the African-American history, but his stubbornness and ignorance lead to his self-destruction. As a young boy, in Jamaica, Garvey was inspired by the works of Booker T Washington especially by the book â€Å"Up from Slavery†. From a young age, Garvey believed that is was his destiny to speak in front of millions this was one of the many reasons why he became an activist. Throughout his lifetime he made enemies with other African- American activist, like W. E. B Du Bois, who criticized Garvey and his ideology. The first American branch of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was established by Garvey in September 1917; the main causes of this a ssociation was to improve the lives of African Americans around the world and to take back Africa from the grasps of the white men and claim it for the Africans that were scattered around the world. Marcus was put on trial on May 18 1923 this marked the beginning of the downfall of Garvey’s empire. In general, Marcus Garvey was an activist who wanted the best for his people but his downfall was cause by his own stubbornness and because he surrounded himself by incompetent people and his enemies. Garvey wasShow MoreRelatedAdvancing The People and Strengthening a Nation: Four Unforgettable Men Advocating for Change in the Redemption Era1039 Words   |  5 PagesReconstruction and the period known as the Redemption gave birth to the â€Å"new Negro.† Gene Jarrett, a CAS associate professor of English at Boston University, defines the â€Å"new Negro† as a time â€Å"when African Americans were hoping to represent themselves in fresh, progressive ways, whether dealing with politics or culture alone.† He goes on to say, â€Å"There was a transition from the old Negro, the plantation slave, to the new Negro, African-Americans who were considered more refined, educated, sophisticated, and involvedRead MoreEssay about The Contribution of Martin Luther King to US Affairs1173 Words   |  5 PagesUS affairs? 1) Introduction: 1. Before 1945, the Negro community was regarded as socially inferior within the United States. 2. While slavery had been abolished in 1863 under President Lincoln, segregation was commonplace, especially in the southern sates. 3. The Jim Crow laws were in place to maintain this segregation and in 1896, the Supreme Court ruled these laws constitutional. 4. However, the growing discontentment among the Negro community, helped by the new wave of liberalism spreadingRead MorePolitical Philosophers : Reconstruction1595 Words   |  7 Pagesin Liberia, he authored many books on the pressing problems affecting blacks and how to solve them. One of his solutions was reviving and expanding â€Å"the Negro intellect.† He also established the American Negro Academy which ended up being one of his greatest achievements. This academy was the first society of black scholars to be made in the United States and did not allow women to join. Some of the major objectives of the society were promoting literature, science, art, fostering higher educationRead More Marcus Garvey and the African-American Civil Rights Movement1202 Words   |  5 Pagesand the African-American Civil Rights Movement The 1920’s were a period of struggle for African-Americans. Slavery was abolished, but blacks were still oppressed and were in no way equal to whites. However, at this time blacks were starting to make some progress toward racial equality. The Harlem renaissance started the first real sense of African-American culture through art, jazz, dance, and literature. There was also at this time the beginning of strong African-American movements to furtherRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : A Time Of Battle For African Americans2917 Words   |  12 PagesThe 1920 s were a time of battle for African-Americans. Servitude was nullified, yet blacks were still persecuted and were not the slightest bit equivalent to whites. Nevertheless, right now blacks were beginning to gain some ground toward racial equity. The Harlem renaissance began the principal genuine feeling of African-American society through workmanship, jazz, move, and writing. There was additionally right now the start of solid African-American developments to facilitate the dark race. AnRead MoreMalcolm X : A Leader Of The Nation Of Islam1424 Words   |  6 PagesX was a leader who, was the spokesman for the Nation of Islam, an African American political and religious movement, embraced the Black Power philosophy. Malcolm Little was born May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the fourth of seven children. 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After his assassination in 1968, King became the symbol of protest inRead MoreHarlem Renaissance3262 Words   |  14 PagesHarlem Renaissance, a blossoming (c. 1918–37) of African American culture, particularly in the creative arts, and the most influential movement in African American literary history. Embracing literary, musical, theatrical, and visual arts, participants sought to reconceptualize â€Å"the Negro† apart from the white stereotypes that had influenced black peoples’ relationship to their heritage and to each other. They also sought to break free of Victorian moral values and bourgeois shame about aspects ofRead MoreThe Murder And Robbery Of A Teenage Girl By Six African American Men2147 Words   |  9 Pagesmen were beaten and lynched in Duluth, Minnesota. The alleged rape and robbery o f a teenage girl by six African American men, led a mob of protesters to kidnap three of the men and punish them without trial . Durring this time, racial tensions were at an all-time high in Duluth . The Duluth lynchings were met with different reactions, and in many ways it sparked a change in the United States. Events such as this one often go unremembered due to their troubling nature, but these events are educationalRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay examples1639 Words   |  7 PagesFor many years after the Civil War many African-Americans did not truly enjoy the freedoms that were granted to them by the US constitution. This was especially true in the southern states, because segregation flourished in the south wwhere African-Americans were treated as second class citizens. This racial segregation was characterized by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the

Antigone Essay - 779 Words

Antigone As the play begins Antigone is just meeting up with her sister and is telling her about the decree of King Creon. Antigone and her sister, Ismene, had two brothers who had killed each other on the battlefield. One of their brothers, Eteocles, was buried with the military honors of a soldier’s funeral, and yet the other, Polyneices, was to be left out to be food for the carrion birds since he died fighting against the city of Thebes. King Creon forbade publicly for anyone to bury the body of Polyneices under the penalty of death. Antigone is now determined to bury her brother and wants Ismene to help her. Ismene does not want to go against what the king has ordered and is fearful of what may become of her if she†¦show more content†¦She has no choice. Her death, if that is what it must come to in order to accomplish the burial of her brother, will be better than the death of her brother without her bravery, that is to say, a death without honor. When they part I smene tells her sister that she is unwise, and yet a loyal friend to those who love her. Now when the guards discovered that someone buried the body of Polyneices, the head sentry went to tell the king, whereupon Creon became enthralled with anger. He told the sentry that he judged him to be a bribed soldier and that he could not return unless he found the person who had buried the body or told of whom it was that had bribed him. After this the horrified sentry and his men brushed off the sacred burial dust from the body and kept watch from a distance to see if the rebel would return to bury the body. Sure enough, during a sandstorm Antigone was seen burying the body that she had cared for so well before. The guards grabbed her and she showed no fear. She did not try to evade her pursuers and she was brought before the king. The king first asked her if she had heard his proclamation concerning the burial of her brother. She blatantly told him that could not have helped heari ng it. If she had denied hearing it, she may have escaped death, but she did not want to escape it, and she felt that she had done nothing wrong. She believed that her death would be of no importance, but that the death of her brother wouldShow MoreRelatedAntigone By Sophocles Antigone1525 Words   |  7 Pagesnothing that the gods demand† (1349-1350). Sophocles’ Antigone takes place in a trying time for the city of Thebes, when Oedipus, their king, and most of the royal family have died, and Creon has just been appointed the new king. Throughout the play, Creon tries on his power as the new ruler, and seems to believe that the gods will not be angry with some of his choices as king, even though they directly violate the divine law. However, in Antigone, when there is a conflict between the divine law andRead Moreantigone987 Words   |  4 Pageshamartia and lastly they need to realize their mistakes and accept their consequences. 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A sentry discovered Antigone and brought her to Creon. Ismene was also brought to Creon and confessed that she had helped Antigone with the burial rites of Polynices. Antigone stopped Ismene and told her not to admit to an act that she had not committed. Antigone took sole responsibilityRead MoreAntigone2454 Words   |  10 PagesAntigone– The Characterization Sophocles’ tragic drama, Antigone, presents to the reader a full range of characters: static and dynamic, flat and round; they are portrayed mostly through the showing technique. In â€Å"Sophocles’ Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone,† Charles Paul Segal takes the stand that there are two protagonists in the drama (which conflicts with this reader’s interpretation): This is not to say that there are not conceptual issuesRead More Antigone Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesAntigone Essay In any story or piece of literature, there will always be the main characters to fill the pages with incessant adventure. 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Therefore, analyzing the motif of gende r roles and its effect on the definition of justice through the perspectives of Ismene, Antigone, and Creon enables the audience to understand how Sophocles macroscopic analogy to humanitys

Wimm Bill Dann Swot Free Essays

Wimm Bill Dann – SWOT Analysis Missing information from Resources Capabilities research! STRENGTHS †¢Occupy leading position in the market ? 1? , ? 3? , ? 14? †¢Established Brand in Russia ? 1? , ? 3? †¢High quality products ? 1? , ? 13? †¢Diverse product basket ? 13? †¢Understanding of Russian Market ? 1? †¢Survivors, prospered during the financial crisis due to being the local producer, when imports struggled due to the weakness of the Rouble ? 9? †¢Entrepreneurial management: rented a production line in an existing factory to get started. ?9? Ambitious, experienced new people from outside the company hired for leading positions ? 13? WEAKNESSES †¢Lack of recognition abroad ? 9? †¢Lack of networks and contacts in foreign markets ? 11? †¢Lack of internal innovation ? reliance on MA for new products ? 1? , ? 9? , ? 14? †¢Reliance on (primitive) dairy farmers ? 9? †¢Russian climate limits fruit supply to certain seaso ns †¢Internally fragmented ? 9? †¢Weak financial reporting ? 1? †¢Finding hiring qualified personnel in growing market ? 1? OPPORTUNITIES †¢Diversification into higher value segments, e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Wimm Bill Dann Swot or any similar topic only for you Order Now premium-range yoghurt, ogurt drinks, dairy deserts, soft drinks (e. g. sparking, flavoured water) ? 3? , ? 7? †¢Diversification into growing market for Baby children’s food ? 7? †¢Diversification into non-directly related fields, e. g. ice-cream, chocolate, tea ? 3? †¢Acquisition of other dairies to get geographical coverage ? 1? †¢MA in water to gain consolidated market ? 9? †¢Improve the supply chain (logistics, JIT delivery, order intake, IT) ? 11? †¢Operational efficiency improvements (at dairies) ? 9? †¢Changing market, increasing distribution through supermarkets (strategic customers) ? 2? , ? 15? †¢Low wages ? 2? †¢Abundant natural resources. E. g. gas †¢Joint venture, e. g. with Danone or Pepsi Co. to gain capital and distribution ? 10? †¢Growing Russian Market for dairy, baby food, water, drinks, confectionery ? 1? , ? 3? †¢Growing upper/middle class, greater supply of money available ? 1? , ? 3? †¢Increasing health consciousness ? 1? , ? 3? †¢Increased demand for premium products ? 3? THREATS †¢Unreliable, insufficient local supplies of milk ? 1? †¢World-wide reduction in milk-supply ? 6? †¢Regulation of milk supply in Russia ? 1? †¢Margins for dairy under pressure due to increase in raw milk prices ? ? †¢Price-sensitive consumers may start to prefer low-cost/low margin juice nectar ? 1? †¢Increasing local competition in all sectors (Lebedyansky) ? 3? , ? 16? †¢Competition from foreign Multinationals, e. g. Nestle, Danone producing locally (increased demand for milk, lower costs of locally produced products ? decreased profitability for WBD) ? 1? †¢Increased price of fuel could impact transportation costs profitab ility ? 1? †¢Increased cost of petroleum-based products may impact cost of packaging ? 4? †¢Political uncertainty ? 1? , ? 3? †¢Changeable regulatory environment ? 1? ? 3? †¢Corruption and crime ? 1? †¢Underdeveloped Russian banking system ? 1? †¢Unstable currency exchange rate ? 1? References ?1? WBD Memorandum, February 2007 ?2? Data from PESTEL ?3? EUI Industry Forecast, Food, beverages and tobacco, Russia, January 2007 ? 4? Danone Company Report, 2005 ?5? Expert Opinion, Ian Kellett ?6? http://www. nzherald. co. nz/category/story. cfm? c_id=96objectid=10439897 ? 7? http://www. cee-foodindustry. com/news/ng. asp? id=60598, http://www. cee-foodindustry. com/news/ng. asp? id=69136, http://www. cee-foodindustry. com/news/ng. asp? id=66563 ? ? http://www. cee-foodindustry. com/news/ng. asp? n=63088-unimilk-childrens-food-dairy-products, http://www. cee-foodindustry. com/news/ng. asp? id=60598 ? 9? WBD Case Study, GSB University of Strathclyde, April 2007 ? 10? http://www. cee-foodindustry. com/news/ng. asp? id=71380 ? 11? Original thoughts, assumptions based on data†¦ ?12? http://www. iht. com/articles/2007/04/04/business/east. php ? 13? WBD Company Presentation, 2006 ?14? http://www. flexnews. com/console/PageViewer. aspx? page=8603str= ? 15? Supermarkets. doc research ?16? Competitive Situation_V2. doc research How to cite Wimm Bill Dann Swot, Papers